Understanding Canadian Citizenship by Descent
If you were born outside Canada, you may still be a Canadian citizen by descent — meaning you inherited citizenship from a Canadian parent or grandparent. However, before applying for a Canadian passport, you must first obtain a Canadian citizenship certificate, which serves as official proof of your citizenship status.
This process ensures that only individuals who meet the legal criteria under the Citizenship Act can claim Canadian citizenship. But in recent years, thousands have faced challenges due to the first-generation limit (FGL) rule.
What Is the First-Generation Limit (FGL)?
The FGL restricts automatic citizenship by descent to the first generation born abroad. This means:
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If you were born outside Canada to a Canadian-born parent, you are eligible.
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But if both you and your parent were born outside Canada (and your parent inherited citizenship), you do not automatically qualify under current law.
This restriction left many Canadians abroad without citizenship rights — especially those whose parents or grandparents were born overseas.
New Interim Measures and Legal Developments
In March 2025, the federal government introduced interim measures following a 2023 Ontario Superior Court ruling, which found the FGL unconstitutional. These measures allow affected individuals to apply for a discretionary grant of citizenship under subsection 5(4) of the Citizenship Act.
You may qualify for this grant if:
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You were born or adopted before December 19, 2023, and affected by the FGL.
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You were born or adopted on or after December 19, 2023, and your Canadian parent met the “substantial connection to Canada” test (spent at least 1,095 days in Canada).
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You were born before April 1, 1949, and affected by the FGL.
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You lost citizenship due to past retention requirements.
These interim policies ensure fairness for families impacted by the outdated rule until Parliament passes permanent legislation.
Proposed Changes Under Bill C3 (2025)
To fix the issue permanently, the federal government introduced Bill C3: An Act to Amend the Citizenship Act (2025).
If passed, Bill C3 would extend citizenship by descent beyond the first generation, allowing Canadians abroad who have a “substantial connection” to Canada to pass on their citizenship to their children.
The bill, currently in its second reading, has received widespread support and is expected to redefine Canada’s global citizenship identity.
How to Apply for Proof of Canadian Citizenship
Before applying for a passport, you must first obtain a citizenship certificate. Here’s how:
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Download the Application Package
Visit the official IRCC website and get the instruction guide, checklist, and application forms. -
Prepare Supporting Documents
Include proof of your parent’s or grandparent’s Canadian citizenship, your birth certificate, and identification. -
Pay the Application Fee
The fee is $75, payable online. Attach the receipt to your application. -
Submit Your Application
You can apply online or by mail, depending on your country of residence.
Processing times currently average seven months, and approved applicants will receive a citizenship certificate — not a travel document but proof of Canadian citizenship.
Applying for a Canadian Passport
Once you have your citizenship certificate, you can apply for a Canadian passport either by mail or in person at a Service Canada location.
You’ll need:
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Your Canadian citizenship certificate
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Proof of identity (foreign passport or national ID)
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Two passport photos
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A guarantor and two references
Fees:
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5-year passport: $120
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10-year passport: $160
The typical processing time is 10 to 20 business days.
Why Proof of Citizenship Matters
While Canadian citizens can technically enter Canada without a passport, having one ensures smoother re-entry and serves as international proof of citizenship. With global mobility becoming increasingly important, securing your proof of citizenship and passport is essential for future travel, education, or employment opportunities.
How ICC Immigration Can Help You Secure Your Future in Canada 🇨🇦
At ICC Immigration, we specialize in helping individuals and families navigate the complex Canadian immigration and citizenship process. Whether you are seeking proof of citizenship, applying for a discretionary grant, or planning to settle in Canada permanently, our expert team is here to guide you.
Our services include:
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🏡 Permanent Residency Applications: Through Express Entry, Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs), and other pathways.
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🎓 Study and Work Permits: We help you build a pathway to permanent residence through education or employment.
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👨👩👧 Family Sponsorships: Reunite with your loved ones and secure your PR status.
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⚖️ Legal Guidance: Our regulated consultants provide trusted legal advice to help you stay compliant with IRCC’s latest regulations.
Instead of taking risks with uncertain asylum claims, let ICC Immigration help you choose a stable and legal pathway that ensures long-term security and a clear route to Canadian Permanent Residency.
Whether you’re already in Canada or starting your journey from abroad, our team is ready to provide the expert advice and support you need for a successful immigration outcome.