Canada’s reputation as one of the world’s most welcoming nations for immigrants continues to draw people from all over the globe. As of the latest census, over 8.3 million immigrants live in Canada—nearly 23% of the population. However, not every immigrant in Canada has legal status. A significant portion—estimated between 600,000 and over 1 million—are undocumented, often referred to as illegal immigrants or irregular migrants.
These individuals may have originally entered Canada legally as international students, temporary workers, or visitors, but lost their status due to expired permits or failed asylum claims. As debates grow over regularization programs and the economic roles these individuals play, it becomes essential to understand where they are concentrated.
Top 10 Canadian Cities with the Highest Number of Undocumented Immigrants
Using immigration data, policy indicators, and community support structures, here are the top cities in Canada likely to host the largest undocumented immigrant populations:
1. Toronto, Ontario
Toronto is home to nearly 50% of Canada’s undocumented population, potentially as many as 300,000 individuals. With over 2.9 million immigrants, Toronto’s massive labor market attracts workers in construction, cleaning, and food services. The city’s “Access to City Services for Undocumented Torontonians” policy ensures essential services without fear of deportation.
2. Vancouver, British Columbia
With 41.8% of its residents being immigrants, Vancouver attracts undocumented individuals for jobs in hospitality, domestic work, and construction. The city’s “Access Without Fear” policy and police non-cooperation with immigration enforcement encourage undocumented workers to seek help when needed.
3. Montreal, Quebec
Declared a sanctuary city in 2017, Montreal supports undocumented immigrants through programs like municipal ID cards. Although French language requirements create barriers, the city’s Latin American and Haitian communities have a significant presence in low-wage industries.
4. Calgary, Alberta
Calgary’s booming construction and hospitality sectors draw in undocumented workers. Despite no official sanctuary policy, community organizations help support individuals like Ahmed, a worker who became undocumented after job loss.
5. Edmonton, Alberta
Like Calgary, Edmonton’s economy relies heavily on construction and services. Organizations such as the Mennonite Centre for Newcomers support undocumented residents with legal and job-related assistance.
6. Ottawa–Gatineau, Ontario/Quebec
As the nation’s capital, Ottawa hosts a moderate number of undocumented immigrants who work in service industries. High living costs and fewer local protections make life challenging for these individuals.
7. Winnipeg, Manitoba
Despite being a smaller city, Winnipeg’s welcoming communities and manufacturing base make it a destination for undocumented immigrants. Local immigrant organizations provide critical support and advocacy.
8. Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton’s industrial past and present economic revival have created labor demand, especially in manufacturing and healthcare. While it lacks formal sanctuary policies, support services are growing.
9. Kitchener–Cambridge–Waterloo, Ontario
Known as a tech and innovation hub, this region also employs undocumented workers in lower-wage jobs across manufacturing and logistics, supported by various settlement agencies.
10. London, Ontario
London’s healthcare and education-driven economy attracts undocumented immigrants in service roles. Community support exists, although the scale is smaller compared to Toronto or Vancouver.
Why Do So Many Remain Undocumented?
The reasons people remain undocumented vary. Some overstay their visas due to job loss, while others are denied asylum or fail to meet requirements for permanent residency (PR). Many contribute quietly to essential sectors but live in constant fear of deportation and lack access to healthcare and legal employment protections.
Secure Your Future Legally with ICC Immigration
Instead of facing the uncertainty and risks of living undocumented, ICC Immigration offers tailored support to help you stay in Canada legally and securely.
Here’s how ICC Immigration can help:
✅ Permanent Residency (PR) Applications
We assess your profile and guide you through Express Entry, Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs), and other legal pathways to PR.
✅ Work & Study Permits
Start with a temporary solution. Whether you’re looking to work or study in Canada, we can help you transition into PR with the right strategy.
✅ Family Sponsorships
Have family in Canada? ICC can reunite you through spousal or parental sponsorship, helping you build a stable future.
✅ Expert Legal Guidance
With constantly evolving policies, our team ensures your application is compliant and has the highest chance of success.
Don’t Risk Your Future
If you or someone you know is living in Canada without status, there’s a better way forward. Instead of risking deportation or limited opportunities, choose a path that leads to permanent residency, legal protection, and long-term stability.
ICC Immigration is here to support you at every step—whether you’re already in Canada or planning to immigrate.